Duivestein, S., & Pepping, T. (2021, 30 januari). Relschoppers hoofdrolspelers in eigen sensatiefilm. Medium. https://duivestein.medium.com/relschoppers-hoofdrolspelers-in- eigen-sensatiefilm-ffdfb775a364
Google Nederland. (2020, 9 december). Google — Year In Search 2020 [Video]. YouTube.
Hij deed onderzoek naar Aids en naar griepvirussen en is onder andere hoogleraar Epidemiologie aan de Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. Goudsmit is tevens Acting Chief Scientific Officer van het Human Vaccines Project in New York. Google leidt ons naar een fragment op de Nederlandse televisie.
Coolican, D., Carroccio, B., & Lai. J., et al. (z.d.). Social Strikes Back!. a16z. https://a16z. com/social-strikes-back/
Lai, J. (2020, 07 december). Meet Me in the Metaverse. a16z. https://a16z.com/2020/12/07/ social-strikes-back-metaverse/
‘The Facebook’ startte in 2004.
Groot, J. & Koel, H. (2020, 31 augustus). De nieuwe Dow: olie en viagra eruit, tech erin. Het Financieele Dagblad. https://fd.nl/beurs/1355146/de-nieuwe-dow-olie-en-viagra-eruit- tech-erin
Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh. https://monoskop.org/images/1/19/Goffman_Erving_The_Presentation_of_Self_in_ Everyday_Life.pdf
Huizinga, J. (1938). Homo ludens : proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur. Athenaeum Boekhandel en Amsterdam University Press. https://arno.uva.nl/cgi/arno/ show.cgi?fid=131488
Haig, D. (1993). Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 68(4). 495-532. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3153297/Haig_ GeneticConflictHUmanPregnancy.pdf
Huizinga, J. (1938). Homo ludens : proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur. Athenaeum Boekhandel en Amsterdam University Press. https://arno.uva.nl/cgi/arno/ show.cgi?fid=131488
Goffman, E. (1956). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. University of Edinburgh. https://monoskop.org/images/1/19/Goffman_Erving_The_Presentation_of_Self_in_ Everyday_Life.pdf
Smithuijsen, D. (2020). Volg je me nog? [Video]. VPRO. https://www.vpro.nl/ programmas/volg-je-me-nog.html
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Likepeterose. (2010, 23 november). Baby born on Google Street View. Reddit. https://www. reddit.com/r/pics/comments/earv7/baby_born_on_google_street_view/
Zhao, B., Zhang, S., Xu, C., Sun., Y., & Deng, C. (2021, 21 april). Deep fake geography? When geospatial data encounter Artificial Intelligence. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 48(4), 338-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2021.1910075
Professor Luciano Floridi spreekt in dit verband over ‘een kopie, maar niet echt een kopie’, waar in het Grieks een woord voor bestaat, een ectype. Floridi, L. (2018) Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes and a Future of Ectypes, Springer Nature, Philos. Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-018-0325-3
Deep Video Processing. (z.d.). Disney. https://studios.disneyresearch.com/deep-video- processing/
Knight, W. (2019, 21 juni). A new deepfake detection tool should keep world leaders safe—for now. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview. com/2019/06/21/134815/a-new-deepfake-detection-tool-should-keep-world-leaders- safefor-now/
Big Family Table – an IPG agency. (2020, november). Hulu Has Live Sports: The Deepfake [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/470003144
Het woord misinformatie bestaat ook niet. Het is een anglicisme.
Tandoc Jr., E., Lim, Z. W., Ling, R. (2017, 30 augustus). Defining “Fake News”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2 017.1360143
Seagulls R Gannets Inde skies. (2019, 30 oktober). Buzz Aldrin Punches Moon Landing Denier Nutcase In The Face [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=wE0O4LdgMuc&ab_channel=SeagullsRGannetsIndeskies
Lemon, J. F. (2019). Conspiracy Theories, Who Believes Them, and Why? How Can You Determine if They Are True or False?. Academia. https://www.academia.edu/34356839/ Conspiracy_Theories_Who_Believes_Them_and_Why_How_Can_You_Determine_if_They_ Are_True_or_False
Budryk, Z. (2020, 24 juni). GOP House candidate publishes 23-page report claiming George Floyd death was deepfake video. The Hill. https://thehill.com/homenews/ house/504429-gop-house-candidate-publishes-23-page-report-claiming-george-floyd- death-was
Ward, C. & Voashttps, D. (2011, 07 januari). The Emergence of Conspirituality. Journal of Contemporary Religion, 26(1), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2011.539846
Harari, Y. N. (2020, 17 december). Als de wereld één grote samenzwering lijkt. Volkskrant. https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/als-de-wereld-een-grote-samenzwering-lijkt~b061a6b9/
Kroes, D. [@doutzen]. (2020, 22 juli). I have been quiet for a while, I have been trying to make sense of it all and I can’t! [Instagram post]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/ CC8yN4yhu1P/
Watson, J. (2009, 9 januari). Transmedia Storytelling and Alternate Reality Games. Remotedevice. https://remotedevice.net/presentations/transmedia-storytelling-and- alternate-reality-games/
PrincessPeach1987. (2020, 09 juli). Is it possible Wayfair involved in Human trafficking with their WFX Utility collection? Or are these just extremely overpriced cabinets? (Note the names of the cabinets) this makes me sick to my stomach if it’s true :(. Reddit. https:// www.reddit.com/r/conspiracy/comments/ho2pqv/is_it_possible_wayfair_involved_in_ human/
Fact-checking site Snopes checkte dit na en dat bleek waar te zijn. Het zoeken naar vrijwel elke willekeurige reeks getallen voorafgegaan door de “src usa” levert vergelijkbare resultaten op. Het is mogelijk dat deze zoekresultaten zijn verbonden met de Russische website voor beeld hosting ‘Imgsrc’, die eerder afbeeldingen van kinderpornografie heeft gehost. https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/wayfair-trafficking-children/
Whalen, A. (2020, 10 juli). Kids Shipped in Armoires? The Person Who Started the Wayfair Conspiracy Speaks. Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/wayfair-child- trafficking-conspiracy-theory-cabinets-scandal-1517013
Quote uit het boek Not Born Yesterday van Hugo Mercier. We komen later in dit hoofdstuk terug op de theorieën van Mercier.
Frenkel, S., Decker, B., & Alba, D. (2020, 21 mei). How the ‘Plandemic’ Movie and Its Falsehoods Spread Widely Online. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes. com/2020/05/20/technology/plandemic-movie-youtube-facebook-coronavirus.html
Frenkel, S., Decker, B., & Alba, D. (2020, 21 mei). How the ‘Plandemic’ Movie and Its Falsehoods Spread Widely Online. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes. com/2020/05/20/technology/plandemic-movie-youtube-facebook-coronavirus.html
Patents by Inventor Anthony (z.d.). Justia. https://patents.justia.com/inventor/anthony-s- fauci
Mitchel, A., Jurkowitz, M., Baxter, J., & Shearer, E. (2020, 29 juni). Three Months In, Many Americans See Exaggeration, Conspiracy Theories and Partisanship in COVID-19 News. Pew Research Center. https://www.journalism.org/2020/06/29/three-months-in- many-americans-see-exaggeration-conspiracy-theories-and-partisanship-in-covid-19- news/
Oliver, J. E., & Wood, T. J. (2014, 05 maart). Conspiracy Theories and the Paranoid Style(s) of Mass Opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 58, 952-966. https:// onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12084
Darcy, O. (2020, 26 juli). Local TV stations across the country set to air discredited ‘Plandemic’ researcher’s conspiracy theory about Fauci. CNN. https://edition.cnn. com/2020/07/24/media/sinclair-fauci-conspiracy-bolling/index.html
Purnatt. (2020, 21 juli). Pier Luigi Sacco on outcomes of 1st WHO infodemiology conference [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/gVn4ZXuNYvU
Miller, M. E. (2021, 16 februari). The Pizzagate gunman is out of prison. Conspiracy theories are out of control. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/ the-pizzagate-gunman-is-out-of-prison-conspiracy-theories-are-out-of-control/
Alexander, K. L., & Svrluga, S. (2016, 13 december). Alleged ‘Pizzagate’ gunman’s parents ‘stunned’ by news. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct- alleged-pizzagate-gunmans-parents-20161213-story.html
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011, april) Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. The behavioral and brain sciences, 34(2), 57-74. https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/21447233/ and http://www.dan.sperber.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011_mercier_ why-do-humans-reason.pdf
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011, april) Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory. The behavioral and brain sciences, 34(2), 57-74. https://pubmed.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/21447233/ and http://www.dan.sperber.fr/wp-content/uploads/2011_mercier_ why-do-humans-reason.pdf
RTL Nieuws. (2020, 23 september). BN’ers krabbelen terug en verwijderen #ikdoenietmeermee-video. RTL. https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/entertainment/artikel/5185625/influencers-krabbelen-terug-en-verwijderen-ikdoenietmeermee-video
Van der Mee, T. (2020, 21 december). Inspectie onderzoekt vreemde uitspraken arts: ‘Coronatest is verkapte vaccinatie’. Algemeen Dagblad. https://www.ad.nl/binnenland/ inspectie-onderzoekt-vreemde-uitspraken-arts-coronatest-is-verkapte-vaccinatie- br~a30492d4/
Doorn, M. van, & Inayatullah, S. (2020, 10 april). Interview with Sohail Inayatullah on post COVID-19 futures [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/amnCrF5FKfU
Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2011, 12 juni). Reasoning as a Social Competence COLLECTIVE WISDOM. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1862669
Shiller, R. J. (2019, oktober). Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events. Princeton University Press. p. 3
Beeple. (2021, 11 maart). Beeple | The First 5000 Days [NFT art]. Christie’s. https:// onlineonly.christies.com/s/beeple-first-5000-days/lots/2020
Cormack, R. (2021, 23 februari). This Designer Just Sold a Bunch of Trippy ‘Virtual Furniture’ for Nearly Half a Million Dollars. Robb Report. https://robbreport.com/ shelter/art-collectibles/andres-reisinger-virtual-furniture-attracts-over-450000- auction-1234598157/
Valuables by cent (2021, 22 maart). Auction of the first tweet. https://v.cent.co/tweet/20
Griffith, E. (2021, 25 april). We’re all crypto people now. The New York Times. https://www. nytimes.com/2021/04/25/technology/cryptocurrency-mainstream.html
Levy, S. (2021, 25 juni). The Unfortunate Punkonomics of Cryptocurrency. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/plaintext-punkonomics-cryptocurrency/
Kim, R. (2021, 1 juli). Seneca, Art Blocks and Sustainable Communities. Substack. https://galaxyrtk.substack.com/p/seneca-art-blocks-and-sustainable
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Squarespace. ( 2021, 1 juli). Squarespace Survey Reveals Gen Z Find Digital Life More Important And Memorable Than In-Person Life. Newsroom. https://newsroom.squarespace.com/blog/ squarespace-survey-reveals-genz
Walden, J. (2021, 15 februari). NFTs make the internet ownable. Variant Fund. https:// variant.mirror.xyz/T8kdtZRIgy_srXB5B06L8vBqFHYlEBcv6ae2zR6Y_eo
https://zed.run/
Lorenz, T. (2021, 1 mei). Digital Horses Are the Talk of the Crypto World. TheNewYorkTimes.
Cuy Sheffield [@@cuysheffield]. (2021, 23 augustus). 7/ While Visa may be one of the first major brands to do so today, we expect that over time, many brands will recognize the value of collecting NFTs to express their brand identities as well as to support and connect with passionate communities of creators and collectors [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/cuysheffield/ status/1429746510174949379
Dixon, C. (2021, 27 februari). NFTs and a Thousand True Fans. a16z. https://a16z. com/2021/02/27/nfts-and-a-thousand-true-fans/
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About us. (z.d.). Metafactory. https://shop.metafactory.ai/pages/about-us
Jin. L. [@ljin18]. (2019, 06 september). Thread: New tools are emerging and focusing on*consumers* first. That’s because consumers today aspire to become businesses tomorrow. I’ll dub this the “Enterprization of consumer.” [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ljin18/ status/1169753411639640064
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Woodburry, R. (2021, 23 juni). What China’s Soul Tells Us About the Future of the Social Internet. Substack. https://digitalnative.substack.com/p/what-chinas-soul-tells-us-about-the
shadowy super coder [@shan3v]. (2021, 26 juni). Future social networks will consist of three primitives: NFTs, social tokens, and DAOs. – NFTs will replace all content – Social token [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/shan3v/status/1408810931652644878
Matt Galligan.eth [@mg]. (2021, 1 juli). Crypto wallets will be your public identity in no time flat. What they contain will be the personality you showcase [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter. com/mg/status/1410562802155200519
L’Oréal Paris UK & Ireland. (2020, 04 november). L’Oréal Paris Signature Faces – A Virtual Makeup Collection [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/lO8iDQjaQl8
PLAY-TO-EARN. (2021, 13 mei). PLAY-TO-EARN | NFT Gaming in the Philippines | Subtitles [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/Lg5C2EbYueo
Soldo, N. (2021, 31 mei). The Dubrovnik Interviews: Marc Andreessen – Interviewed by a Retard. Substack. https://niccolo.substack.com/p/the-dubrovnik-interviews-marc- andreessen
Takahashi, D. (2016, 9 december). The DeanBeat: Epic graphics guru Tim Sweeney foretells how we can create the open Metaverse. VentureBeat. https://venturebeat. com/2016/12/09/the-deanbeat-epic-boss-tim-sweeney-makes-the-case-for-the-open- metaverse/
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Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014, mei). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005
The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize Winners. (z.d.). Improbable Research. https://www.improbable. com/ig/winners/#ig2011
Ma, L., Lin, Z., Barnes, C., Efros, A. A., & Lu, J. (2020, 29 juli). Unselfie turns arm extended selfies into neutral pose portraits in the Wild. Arxiv. https://arxiv.org/ pdf/2007.15068.pdf
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Bakhshi, S., Shamma, D., & Gilbert, E. (2014). Faces engage us: photos with faces attract more likes and comments on Instagram. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems – Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1145/2556288.2557403
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Wallis de Vries, S. (2020, 05 augustus). Totaal geïnspireerd door @sarahcpr, met grote dank aanhaar voor het stellen van een voorbeeld, is hier de uitkomst van een challenge. [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/SanneWallis/status/1291010023196364801
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Lil Miquela – the Digital Human – Has a Better Resumé than You. (2019, 11 december). Inevitable/Human. https://inevitablehuman.com/lil-miquela-the-digital-human-has-a- better-resume-than-you/
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Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014, mei). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.01.005
Doorn, M. van, Duivestein, S., & Pepping, T. (2016). The Bot Effect – Friending Your Brand. SogetiLabs. https://labs.sogeti.com/research-topics/machine-intelligence/#bot-effect- friending-brand
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Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010). Who Sees Human? The Stability and Importance of Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism. Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 5(3), 219–232. https://doi. org/10.1177/1745691610369336
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Woensel Kooy, P. van. (2020, 08 juli). Postillion kiest eerste virtual influencer als brand ambassador. Marketing Tribune. https://www.marketingtribune.nl/food-en-retail/ nieuws/2020/07/postillion-kiest-eerste-virtual-influencer-als-brand-ambassador/index. xml
Series 4: Lightning – A virtual Heroine. (2016, 01 juni). Louis Vuitton. https:// au.louisvuitton.com/eng-au/articles/series-4-lightning-a-virtual-heroine-
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Osselaer S. M. J. van, Fuchs, C., Schreier, M., & Puntoni, S. (2020, maart). The Power of Personal. Journal of Retailing, 96(1), 88-100. doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2019.12.006
Liebers, N., Schramm, H. (2019). Parasocial Interactions and Relationships with Media Characters – An Inventory of 60 Years of Research. Communication Research Trends; Santa Clara, 38(2), 4-31. https://www.proquest.com/openview/36107b7ba2fbfef0921b3eba3d35c6b b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1576344
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De Global Times meldt dat er geen technische storing was, maar dat haar fans er bij haar op aandrongen haar gezicht te laten zien en haar filter te verwijderen. Biluo weigerde, maar in plaats daarvan zou ze gezegd hebben: “Ik kan mijn gezicht pas laten zien als ik geschenken ter waarde van 100.000 yuan (11.950 dollar) heb ontvangen.”
Xuejiao, C. (2019, 01 augustus). ‘Unmasked’ Livestreamer Says Filter Snafu All Part of Her Plan. Sixth Tone. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/MV7yElFM0aVLeutupaReWg
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In hun paper RiseoftheMachines?ExaminingtheInfluenceofSocialBotsonaPoliticalDiscussionNetwork stellen onderzoekers van de Universiteit van Zuid Florida dat bot accounts een aanzienlijke invloed kunnen hebben. De impact bestaat tot nu toe onder andere uit het wekken van de suggestie van een virtuele community rond extreemrechtse politieke berichten, het verzwakken van de invloed van mediapersoonlijkheden en vakdeskundigen, en het bespelen van het zogeheten ‘netwerksentiment’ door pro-Trump-berichten te versterken. Hagen, L., Neely, S., Keller, T. E., Scharf, R., Vasquez, F. E. (2020, 17 maart). Rise of the Machines? Examining the Influence of Social Bots on a Political Discussion Network. SocialScience Computer Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439320908190
GPT-2 en GPT-3 zijn generatoren die op basis van AI teksten kunnen produceren. GPT-3 is de geavanceerdere variant van GPT-2. Zie ook https://openai.com/blog/better- language-models/
Heaven, W. D. (2020, 08 oktober). A GPT-3 bot posted comments on Reddit for a week and no one noticed. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview. com/2020/10/08/1009845/a-gpt-3-bot-posted-comments-on-reddit-for-a-week-and-no- one-noticed/
Turing Natural Language Generation
https://github.com/google-research/bert
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